Last updated: 2023-01-05
Checks: 7 0
Knit directory: intervention_toolbox/
This reproducible R Markdown analysis was created with workflowr (version 1.6.2). The Checks tab describes the reproducibility checks that were applied when the results were created. The Past versions tab lists the development history.
Great! Since the R Markdown file has been committed to the Git repository, you know the exact version of the code that produced these results.
Great job! The global environment was empty. Objects defined in the global environment can affect the analysis in your R Markdown file in unknown ways. For reproduciblity it’s best to always run the code in an empty environment.
The command set.seed(20220228) was run prior to running
the code in the R Markdown file. Setting a seed ensures that any results
that rely on randomness, e.g. subsampling or permutations, are
reproducible.
Great job! Recording the operating system, R version, and package versions is critical for reproducibility.
Nice! There were no cached chunks for this analysis, so you can be confident that you successfully produced the results during this run.
Great job! Using relative paths to the files within your workflowr project makes it easier to run your code on other machines.
Great! You are using Git for version control. Tracking code development and connecting the code version to the results is critical for reproducibility.
The results in this page were generated with repository version c1057c8. See the Past versions tab to see a history of the changes made to the R Markdown and HTML files.
Note that you need to be careful to ensure that all relevant files for
the analysis have been committed to Git prior to generating the results
(you can use wflow_publish or
wflow_git_commit). workflowr only checks the R Markdown
file, but you know if there are other scripts or data files that it
depends on. Below is the status of the Git repository when the results
were generated:
Ignored files:
Ignored: .Rproj.user/
Unstaged changes:
Modified: README.md
Modified: code/process-JSON-POC.R
Modified: data/toolbox_concept.xlsx
Modified: data/toolbox_evidence.xlsx
Modified: output/infos_raw.json
Modified: output/infos_refined.json
Note that any generated files, e.g. HTML, png, CSS, etc., are not included in this status report because it is ok for generated content to have uncommitted changes.
These are the previous versions of the repository in which changes were
made to the R Markdown (analysis/index.Rmd) and HTML
(public/index.html) files. If you’ve configured a remote
Git repository (see ?wflow_git_remote), click on the
hyperlinks in the table below to view the files as they were in that
past version.
| File | Version | Author | Date | Message |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rmd | c1057c8 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2023-01-05 | wflow_publish(files = files, republish = TRUE, delete_cache = TRUE, |
| html | 0b02534 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-12-16 | Build site. |
| Rmd | ecbd28e | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-12-16 | wflow_publish(files = files, republish = TRUE, delete_cache = TRUE, |
| Rmd | e57774a | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-12-05 | update |
| html | 295f580 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-12-05 | Build site. |
| Rmd | 1a9c195 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-12-01 | update and folder reorg |
| html | 2b13b62 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-12-01 | Build site. |
| html | b8df76e | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-11-16 | Build site. |
| html | 51ffb87 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-11-16 | Build site. |
| Rmd | 1fcecbd | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-11-16 | wflow_publish(files = files, republish = TRUE, delete_cache = TRUE, |
| html | 421eeda | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-11-08 | Build site. |
| html | 355e92a | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-10-11 | Build site. |
| Rmd | 0cec29f | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-08-17 | tables update |
| html | 0cec29f | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-08-17 | tables update |
| Rmd | 7c28e67 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-07-28 | design and tables update |
| html | 7c28e67 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-07-28 | design and tables update |
| html | 4effdc5 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-07-27 | Build site. |
| Rmd | 5372d96 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-07-27 | wflow_publish(files = files, republish = TRUE, delete_cache = TRUE, |
| Rmd | d069c9f | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-07-27 | update |
| html | d069c9f | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-07-27 | update |
| html | f182d72 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-07-20 | Build site. |
| html | f9405d6 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-06-27 | Build site. |
| html | fe780ff | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-06-27 | Build site. |
| html | 8ab172c | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-06-08 | Build site. |
| html | 2eaf831 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-06-02 | Build site. |
| Rmd | 4f9aedf | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-06-02 | wflow_publish(files = files, republish = TRUE, delete_cache = TRUE, |
| html | adf0386 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-05-20 | Build site. |
| html | 33c2f64 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-05-19 | Build site. |
| Rmd | ad71414 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-05-19 | wflow_publish(files = files, republish = TRUE, delete_cache = TRUE, |
| html | 77a734a | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-05-17 | Build site. |
| html | 1504401 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-05-16 | Build site. |
| html | 7a81fdc | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-04-28 | Build site. |
| html | c79c858 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-04-27 | Build site. |
| html | 280c6e4 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-04-27 | Build site. |
| Rmd | 3524d88 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-04-27 | wflow_publish(files = files, republish = TRUE, delete_cache = TRUE, |
| html | c35a82d | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-04-27 | Build site. |
| html | 14c638f | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-03-01 | Build site. |
| html | 7ea496e | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-02-28 | Build site. |
| html | 17e4292 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-02-28 | Build site. |
| html | 6ab970b | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-02-28 | Build site. |
| html | f157d6c | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-02-28 | Build site. |
| Rmd | 94e9bae | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-02-28 | wflow_publish(files = files, republish = TRUE, delete_cache = TRUE, |
| html | 42cee48 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-02-28 | Host with GitLab. |
| Rmd | 34f0350 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-02-28 | Start workflowr project. |
This is an online supplement for the expert review project “Toolbox of Interventions Against Online Misinformation and Manipulation”
Coordinating authors: Anastasia Kozyreva1, Philipp Lorenz-Spreen 1, Stefan Herzog1, Ullrich Ecker2, Stephan Lewandowsky2,3,4, and Ralph Hertwig 1
Contributing authors: Melisa Basol5, Adam J. Berinsky6, Cornelia Betsch7,8, John Cook9, Lisa K. Fazio10, Michael Geers1,11, Andrew M. Guess12, Rakoen Maertens5, Folco Panizza13, Gordon Pennycook14, David J. Rand6, Steve Rathje15, Jason Reifler16, Jon Roozenbeek5, Philipp Schmid7,8, Mark Smith17, Briony Swire-Thomson18, Paula Szewach16,19, Sander van der Linden5, Sam Wineburg17.
1Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Germany. 2School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia. 3School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, England. 4University of Potsdam, Germany. 5University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. 6Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States. 7University of Erfurt, Germany. 8Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Germany. 9Climate Change Communication Research Hub, Monash University, Australia. 10Vanderbilt University, United States. 11Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany. 12Princeton University, United States. 13IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Italy. 14University of Regina, Canada. 15New York University, United States. 16University of Exeter, United Kingdom. 17Stanford University, United States. 18Northeastern University, United States. 19University of Essex, United Kingdom.
Research assistance: Spela Vrtovec, Friederike Stock.
Editorial assistance: Deb Ain.
Abstract: The spread of misinformation through media and social networks threatens many aspects of society, including public health and the state of democracies. A wide range of individual-focused interventions aimed at reducing harm from online misinformation have been developed in the behavioral and cognitive sciences. Here, we introduce the toolbox of interventions against misinformation, which includes an up-to-date account of the interventions featured in 42 scientific papers. A resource for scientists, policy makers, and the public, the toolbox delivers both a conceptual overview of the breadth of interventions, including their target and scope, and a summary of the empirical evidence supporting the interventions, including the methods and experimental paradigms used to test them. The toolbox covers 10 types of interventions: accuracy prompts, debunking, friction, inoculation, lateral reading, media-literacy tips, rebuttals of science denialism, self-reflection tools, social norms, and warning and fact-checking labels.
Preprint: https://psyarxiv.com/x8ejt
Privacy policy - Imprint/Provider Identification
sessionInfo()R version 4.1.0 (2021-05-18)
Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)
Running under: Windows 10 x64 (build 22000)
Matrix products: default
locale:
[1] LC_COLLATE=English_United States.1252
[2] LC_CTYPE=English_United States.1252
[3] LC_MONETARY=English_United States.1252
[4] LC_NUMERIC=C
[5] LC_TIME=English_United States.1252
system code page: 65001
attached base packages:
[1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
other attached packages:
[1] workflowr_1.6.2
loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
[1] Rcpp_1.0.7 whisker_0.4 knitr_1.33 magrittr_2.0.1
[5] R6_2.5.0 rlang_0.4.11 fansi_0.5.0 stringr_1.4.0
[9] tools_4.1.0 xfun_0.23 utf8_1.2.1 git2r_0.28.0
[13] jquerylib_0.1.4 htmltools_0.5.1.1 ellipsis_0.3.2 rprojroot_2.0.2
[17] yaml_2.2.1 digest_0.6.27 tibble_3.1.6 lifecycle_1.0.0
[21] crayon_1.4.1 later_1.2.0 sass_0.4.0 vctrs_0.3.8
[25] promises_1.2.0.1 fs_1.5.0 glue_1.4.2 evaluate_0.14
[29] rmarkdown_2.8 stringi_1.6.1 bslib_0.2.5.1 compiler_4.1.0
[33] pillar_1.6.4 jsonlite_1.7.2 httpuv_1.6.1 pkgconfig_2.0.3