Last updated: 2024-04-24
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Knit directory: toolbox/
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| File | Version | Author | Date | Message |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rmd | 8892615 | Kozyreva | 2024-04-24 | small update to the title and evidence table |
| html | 8892615 | Kozyreva | 2024-04-24 | small update to the title and evidence table |
| html | 5bae2a2 | Kozyreva | 2024-02-20 | Build site. |
| Rmd | 1a1a155 | Kozyreva | 2023-11-30 | minor updates |
| html | 1a1a155 | Kozyreva | 2023-11-30 | minor updates |
| Rmd | 920cc75 | Kozyreva | 2023-11-29 | index page update |
| html | 920cc75 | Kozyreva | 2023-11-29 | index page update |
| Rmd | 5be9264 | Kozyreva | 2023-11-24 | what should be the final version of the toolbox 2.0 |
| html | 5be9264 | Kozyreva | 2023-11-24 | what should be the final version of the toolbox 2.0 |
| html | 22a40df | Kozyreva | 2023-10-24 | v2 updates |
| html | 663ae9c | Kozyreva | 2023-10-24 | Build site. |
| Rmd | 3efec23 | Kozyreva | 2023-10-24 | wflow_publish(files = files, republish = TRUE, delete_cache = TRUE, |
| Rmd | c2b8b90 | Kozyreva | 2023-10-12 | v2 branch update |
| html | c2b8b90 | Kozyreva | 2023-10-12 | v2 branch update |
| html | 168d4c7 | Kozyreva | 2023-02-28 | Build site. |
| html | 8c38442 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2023-01-05 | Build site. |
| Rmd | c1057c8 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2023-01-05 | wflow_publish(files = files, republish = TRUE, delete_cache = TRUE, |
| html | 0b02534 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-12-16 | Build site. |
| Rmd | ecbd28e | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-12-16 | wflow_publish(files = files, republish = TRUE, delete_cache = TRUE, |
| Rmd | e57774a | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-12-05 | update |
| html | 295f580 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-12-05 | Build site. |
| Rmd | 1a9c195 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-12-01 | update and folder reorg |
| html | 2b13b62 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-12-01 | Build site. |
| html | b8df76e | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-11-16 | Build site. |
| html | 51ffb87 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-11-16 | Build site. |
| Rmd | 1fcecbd | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-11-16 | wflow_publish(files = files, republish = TRUE, delete_cache = TRUE, |
| html | 421eeda | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-11-08 | Build site. |
| html | 355e92a | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-10-11 | Build site. |
| Rmd | 0cec29f | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-08-17 | tables update |
| html | 0cec29f | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-08-17 | tables update |
| Rmd | 7c28e67 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-07-28 | design and tables update |
| html | 7c28e67 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-07-28 | design and tables update |
| html | 4effdc5 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-07-27 | Build site. |
| Rmd | 5372d96 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-07-27 | wflow_publish(files = files, republish = TRUE, delete_cache = TRUE, |
| Rmd | d069c9f | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-07-27 | update |
| html | d069c9f | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-07-27 | update |
| html | f182d72 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-07-20 | Build site. |
| html | f9405d6 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-06-27 | Build site. |
| html | fe780ff | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-06-27 | Build site. |
| html | 8ab172c | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-06-08 | Build site. |
| html | 2eaf831 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-06-02 | Build site. |
| Rmd | 4f9aedf | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-06-02 | wflow_publish(files = files, republish = TRUE, delete_cache = TRUE, |
| html | adf0386 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-05-20 | Build site. |
| html | 33c2f64 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-05-19 | Build site. |
| Rmd | ad71414 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-05-19 | wflow_publish(files = files, republish = TRUE, delete_cache = TRUE, |
| html | 77a734a | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-05-17 | Build site. |
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| html | 7a81fdc | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-04-28 | Build site. |
| html | c79c858 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-04-27 | Build site. |
| html | 280c6e4 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-04-27 | Build site. |
| Rmd | 3524d88 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-04-27 | wflow_publish(files = files, republish = TRUE, delete_cache = TRUE, |
| html | c35a82d | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-04-27 | Build site. |
| html | 14c638f | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-03-01 | Build site. |
| html | 7ea496e | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-02-28 | Build site. |
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| html | f157d6c | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-02-28 | Build site. |
| Rmd | 94e9bae | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-02-28 | wflow_publish(files = files, republish = TRUE, delete_cache = TRUE, |
| html | 42cee48 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-02-28 | Host with GitLab. |
| Rmd | 34f0350 | Anastasia Kozyreva | 2022-02-28 | Start workflowr project. |
This is an online supplement for the expert review project “Toolbox of Individual-Level Interventions Against Online Misinformation”
Coordinating authors: Anastasia Kozyreva1, Philipp Lorenz-Spreen 1, Stefan Herzog1, Ullrich Ecker2, Stephan Lewandowsky3,4, and Ralph Hertwig 1
Contributing authors: Ayesha Ali5, Joe Bak-Coleman6, Sarit Barzilai7, Melisa Basol8, Adam J. Berinsky9, Cornelia Betsch10,11, John Cook12, Lisa K. Fazio13, Michael Geers1,14, Andrew M. Guess15, Huang Haifeng16, Horacio Larreguy17, Rakoen Maertens8, Folco Panizza18, Gordon Pennycook19, David J. Rand9, Steve Rathje20, Jason Reifler21, Philipp Schmid10,11,22, Mark Smith23, Briony Swire-Thomson24, Paula Szewach21,25, Sander van der Linden8, Sam Wineburg23.
1Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Germany. 2School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia. 3School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, England. 4University of Potsdam, Germany. 5Lahore University of Management Sciences, Pakistan. 6Craig Newmark Center, School of Journalism, Columbia University. 7University of Haifa, Israel. 8University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. 9Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States. 10University of Erfurt, Germany. 11Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Germany. 12Climate Change Communication Research Hub, Monash University, Australia. 13Vanderbilt University, United States. 14Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany. 15Princeton University, United States. 16Ohio State University, United States. 17Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, Mexico. 18IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Italy. 19University of Regina, Canada. 20New York University, United States. 21University of Exeter, United Kingdom. 22Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands. 23Stanford University, United States. 24Northeastern University, United States. 25University of Essex, United Kingdom.
Research assistance: Spela Vrtovec, Friederike Stock, Alexandra Horsley.
Editorial assistance: Deb Ain.
Abstract: The spread of misinformation through media and social networks threatens many aspects of society, including public health and the state of democracies. Here we introduce a toolbox of individual-focused interventions aimed at reducing harm from online misinformation. Comprising an up-to-date account of the interventions featured in 81 scientific studies conducted across the globe, the toolbox is a resource for scientists, policymakers, and the public. It provides both a conceptual overview of the breadth of interventions—including their target, scope, and examples—and a summary of the empirical evidence supporting the interventions—including the methods and experimental paradigms used to test them. The toolbox covers nine categories of interventions: accuracy prompts, debunking and rebuttals, friction, inoculation, lateral reading and verification strategies, media-literacy tips, social norms, source-credibility labels, and warning and fact-checking labels.
Preprint: https://psyarxiv.com/x8ejt
Last compiled on 24 April, 2024
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R version 4.3.1 (2023-06-16 ucrt)
Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)
Running under: Windows 10 x64 (build 19043)
Matrix products: default
locale:
[1] LC_COLLATE=English_United States.utf8
[2] LC_CTYPE=English_United States.utf8
[3] LC_MONETARY=English_United States.utf8
[4] LC_NUMERIC=C
[5] LC_TIME=English_United States.utf8
time zone: Europe/Berlin
tzcode source: internal
attached base packages:
[1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
other attached packages:
[1] workflowr_1.7.1
loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
[1] vctrs_0.6.3 httr_1.4.7 cli_3.6.1 knitr_1.43
[5] rlang_1.1.1 xfun_0.40 stringi_1.7.12 processx_3.8.2
[9] promises_1.2.1 jsonlite_1.8.7 glue_1.6.2 rprojroot_2.0.3
[13] git2r_0.32.0 htmltools_0.5.6 httpuv_1.6.11 ps_1.7.5
[17] sass_0.4.7 fansi_1.0.4 rmarkdown_2.24 jquerylib_0.1.4
[21] tibble_3.2.1 evaluate_0.21 fastmap_1.1.1 yaml_2.3.7
[25] lifecycle_1.0.3 whisker_0.4.1 stringr_1.5.0 compiler_4.3.1
[29] fs_1.6.3 pkgconfig_2.0.3 Rcpp_1.0.11 rstudioapi_0.15.0
[33] later_1.3.1 digest_0.6.33 R6_2.5.1 utf8_1.2.3
[37] pillar_1.9.0 callr_3.7.3 magrittr_2.0.3 bslib_0.5.1
[41] tools_4.3.1 cachem_1.0.8 getPass_0.2-2